CORAL REEF CONDITION IN RELATION TO CORAL REEF FISH ABUNDANCES BEFORE MASS BLEACHING EVENT IN SIMEULUE ISLANDS, ACEH
Abstract
Bordered with the Indian Ocean, Simeulue Islands is one of the outermost islands in Indonesia located in the west part of Aceh Province. Simeulue waters are productive areas due to the unpolluted condition yet and great of biomass. Three regions were particularly observed, those are Simeuluecut, Ganting, and Labuhan Bajau. In those areas, the existing marine tourism activities might influence the coral reef ecosystem studied. This study aimed to evaluate the condition of coral and coral reef fish in those three particular regions before mass bleaching event in 2016 triggered by ENSO. Point Intercept Transect (PIT) method was employed to record the percentage cover of coral, species diversity, and coral reef fish. Ganting waters was a moderate ecosystem area whith the percentage coverage was up to 45.62%. However, in Simeuluecut and Labuhan Bajau waters, the coral reef communities were excellent with coral percentage coverage reached 83.12% and 81.25 %, respectively. The highest abundance genera of coral reef fish was observed in Simueluecut waters. This condition was changed oppositely in 2016 when mass bleaching threatened Simeulue waters due to temperature anomaly triggered by ENSO phenomenon. The temperature increases almost 3oC for 6 months that undoubtedly induced bleaching that about 50% of coral colonies were dramatically declined in coral coverage and coral recruitment.
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Aldyza, N., Sarong, M. A., & Rizal, S. (2015). Monitoring of hard coral covers and zonation of marine conservation area of Tuan Island, Aceh Besar District, Indonesia. Aquaculture, Aquarium, Conservation & Legislation, 8(5), 640-647.
Baird, A.H., Campbell, S.J., Anggoro, A.W., Ardiwijaya, R.L., Fadli, N., Herdiana, Y., … Siregar, A.M. (2005). Acehnese reefs in the wake of the Asian tsunami. Curr. Biol.,15: 1926-1930. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2005.09.036.
Baird, A. H., Bhagooli, R., Ralph, P. J., & Takahashi, S. (2009). Coral bleaching: the role of the host. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 24(1), 16-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2008.09.005.
Baird, A.H., Campbell, S.J., Fadli, N., Hoey, A.S., & Rudi, E. (2012). The shallow water hard corals of Pulau Weh, Aceh Province, Indonesia. AACL Bioflux, 5 (1): 23-28.
Béné, C., Arthur, R., Norbury, H., Allison, E. H., Beveridge, M., Bush, S., Campling, L., Leschen, W., Williams, M. (2016). Contribution of fisheries and aquaculture to food security and poverty reduction: assessing the current evidence. World Development, 79, 177-196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2015.11.007.
Bridge, T. C., Hoey, A. S., Campbell, S. J., Muttaqin, E., Rudi, E., Fadli, N., & Baird, A. H. (2014). Depth-dependent mortality of reef corals following a severe bleaching event: implications for thermal refuges and population recovery. F1000Research, 2. https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.2-187.v1.
Brown, B. E. (1997). Coral bleaching: causes and consequences. Coral reefs, 16(1), S129-S138. https://doi.org/10.1007/s003380050249.
Campbell, S. J., Pratchett, M. S., Anggoro, A. W., Ardiwijaya, R. L., Fadli, N., Herdiana, Y., ...Rudi, E. (2007). Disturbance to coral reefs in Aceh, Northern Sumatra: impacts of the Sumatra-Andaman tsunami and pre-tsunami degradation. Atoll Research Bulletin, 544, 55-78.
Choat, H., Pears, R. (2003). A rapid, quantitative survey method for large, vulnerable reef fishes. In: Wilkinson, C., Green, A., Almany, J., and Dionne, S. Monitoring coral reef marine protected areas. A practical guide on how monitoring can support effective management of MPAs. Australian Institute of Marine Science and the IUCN Marine Program Publication. 68pp.
Eggleston, D. B. (1995). Recruitment in Nassau grouper Epinephelus striatus: post-settlement abundance, microhabitat features, and ontogenetic habitat shifts. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 124, 9-22. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps124009.
Emslie, M. J., Cheal, A. J., Sweatman, H., & Delean, S. (2008). Recovery from disturbance of coral and reef fish communities on the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 371, 177-190. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps07657.
Fadli, N., Kunzmann, A., von Jutarzenka, K., Rudi, E., & Muchlisin, Z. A. (2014). A preliminary study of corals recruitment using coral rubbles substrate in Seribu Island waters, Indonesia. Aquaculture, Aquarium, Conservation & Legislation-International Journal of the Bioflux Society (AACL Bioflux), 6(3), 246-232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2014.09.047.
Garpe, K. C., Yahya, S. A., Lindahl, U., & Öhman, M. C. (2006). Long-term effects of the 1998 coral bleaching event on reef fish assemblages. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 315, 237-247. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps315237.
Graham, N. A., Wilson, S. K., Jennings, S., Polunin, N. V., Robinson, J. A. N., Bijoux, J. P., & Daw, T. M. (2007). Lag effects in the impacts of mass coral bleaching on coral reef fish, fisheries, and ecosystems. Conservation biology, 21(5), 1291-1300. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2007.00754.x.
Grimsditch, G. D., & Salm, R. V. (2006). Coral reef resilience and resistance to bleaching. IUCN, The World Conservation Union.
Guest, J. R., Baird, A. H., Maynard, J. A., Muttaqin, E., Edwards, A. J., Campbell, S. J., ...Chou, L. M. (2012). Contrasting patterns of coral bleaching susceptibility in 2010 suggest an adaptive response to thermal stress. PloS one, 7(3), e33353. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0033353.
Harvell, C. D., Mitchell, C. E., Ward, J. R., Altizer, S., Dobson, A. P., Ostfeld, R. S., & Samuel, M. D. (2002). Climate warming and disease risks for terrestrial and marine biota. Science, 296(5576), 2158-2162. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1063699.
Herdiana, Y., Kartawijaya, T., Ardiwijaya, R. L., Setiawan, F., Prasetia, R., Pardede, S. T., & Campbell, S. J. (2008). Ecological survey on coral reefs of Simeulue and Banyak Islands-Aceh 2007. Wildlife Conservation Society–Indonesia Marine Program, Bogor, Indonesia.
Hoegh-Guldberg, O. (1999). Climate change, coral bleaching and the future of the world’s coral reefs. Marine and freshwater research, 50(8), 839-866. https://doi.org/10.1071/MF99078.
Insacco, G., & Zava, B. (2017). Chlorurus rhakoura Randall & Anderson, 1997 (Perciformes, Scaridae), an Indo-Pacific fish new for the Mediterranean Sea. Mediterranean Marine Science, 18(2), 285-291. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/mms.2139.
Lehahn, Y., Ingle, K. N., & Golberg, A. (2016). Global potential of offshore and shallow waters macroalgal biorefineries to provide for food, chemicals and energy: feasibility and sustainability. Algal Research, 17, 150-160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.algal.2016.03.031.
Miller, J., Muller, E., Rogers, C., Waara, R., Atkinson, A., Whelan, K. R. T., ... Witcher, B. (2009). Coral disease following massive bleaching in 2005 causes 60% decline in coral cover on reefs in the US Virgin Islands. Coral Reefs, 28(4), 925. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00338-009-0531-7.
Mutmainah, H., Kusumah, G., Altanto, T., & Ondara, K. (2016). An environmental suitability study for tourism development at Ganting Beach, Simeulue Island, Aceh Province. DEPIK Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Perairan, Pesisir dan Perikanan, 5(1), 19-23. http://dx.doi.org/10.13170/depik.5.1.3844.
Muttaqin. E., Kamal, M.M., Haryadi, S., Pardede, S., Tarigan, S., & Campbell, S.J. (2014). Coral bleaching impacts on coral reef ecosystem in 2010 in Northern Aceh waters. Jurnal Teknologi Perikanan dan Keluatan, 5(1), 15 – 21.
Pellissier, L., Leprieur, F., Parravicini, V., Cowman, P. F., Kulbicki, M., Litsios, G., ... Mouillot, D. (2014). Quaternary coral reef refugia preserved fish diversity. Science, 344(6187), 1016-1019. http://doi.org/10.1126/science.1249853.
Plass-Johnson, J. G., Heiden, J. P., Abu, N., Lukman, M., & Teichberg, M. (2016). Experimental analysis of the effects of consumer exclusion on recruitment and succession of a coral reef system along a water quality gradient in the Spermonde Archipelago, Indonesia. Coral Reefs, 35(1), 229-243. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00338-015-1369-9.
Pratchett, M. S., McCowan, D., Maynard, J. A., & Heron, S. F. (2013). Changes in bleaching susceptibility among corals subject to ocean warming and recurrent bleaching in Moorea, French Polynesia. PLoS one, 8(7), e70443. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0070443.
Ritchie, K. B. (2006). Regulation of microbial populations by coral surface mucus and mucus-associated bacteria. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 322, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps322001.
Rizwan, T., Nasution, T. K., Dewiyanti, I., Elrahimi, S. A., & Putra, D. F. (2017). Fish diversity in the east coastal waters area of Aceh Besar District, Indonesia. Aquaculture, Aquarium, Conservation & Legislation, 10(5), 1180-1185.
Rogers, A., Blanchard, J. L., & Mumby, P. J. (2014). Vulnerability of coral reef fisheries to a loss of structural complexity. Current Biology, 24(9), 1000-1005. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2014.03.026.
Ropelewski, C. F., & Jones, P. D. (1987). An extension of the Tahiti–Darwin southern oscillation index. Monthly Weather Review, 115(9), 2161-2165. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1987)115%3C2161:aeotts%3E2.0.co;2.
Rosenberg, E., & Ben Haim, Y. (2002). Microbial diseases of corals and global warming. Environmental microbiology, 4(6), 318-326. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1462-2920.2002.00302.x.
Rudi, E., Elrahimi, S. A., Kartawijaya, T., Herdiana, Y., Setiawan, F., Pardede, S. T.,...Tamelander, J. (2009). Reef fish status in northern Acehnese reef based on management type. Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity, 10(2), 87-92. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d100206.
Spellerberg, I. F., & Fedor, P. J. (2003). A tribute to Claude Shannon (1916–2001) and a plea for more rigorous use of species richness, species diversity and the ‘Shannon–Wiener’Index. Global ecology and biogeography, 12(3), 177-179. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1466-822x.2003.00015.x.
Sweatman, H., Burgess, S., Cheal, A., Coleman, G., Delean, S., Emslie, McDonald, A.,…Thompson, A. (2005). Long-term monitoring of the Great Barrier Reef. Status Report Number 5 2005. Australian Institute of Marine Science Publication, Townsville. Q. Australia. 261 pps. http://www.aims.gov.au/reef-monitoring.
Ulfah M. (2011). Study of coral bleaching on the condition of coral reefs and reef fish in Pulau Weh, Sabang. [Thesis]. Institut Pertanian Bogor, Bogor. [Indonesian].
Westmacott, S., Teleki, K., Wells, S., & West, J. (2000). Pengelolaan terumbu karang yang telah memutih dan rusak kritis. Yayasan Terumbu Karang Indonesia.
Wisha, U. J., & Khoirunnisa, H. (2017). Sea Surface Temperature Rising Trend and Its Influence on the Coral Mortality in Pagai Strait, Mentawai Islands, Indonesia. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), 8(10), 725-734.
Wooldridge, S. A. (2009). Water quality and coral bleaching thresholds: Formalizing the linkage for the inshore reefs of the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 58(5), 745-751. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2008.12.013.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15578/ifrj.25.2.2019.64-74
Indonesian Fisheries Research Journal is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
View My Stats
p-ISSN 0853-8980
e-ISSN 2502-6569
