POTENSI BIJI DAN DAUN JARAK PAGAR (Jatropha curcas) SEBAGAI SUMBER PROTEIN ALTERNATIF DAN IMUNOSTIMULAN DALAM MENDUKUNG AKUAKULTUR BERKELANJUTAN: KAJIAN PUSTAKA
Abstract
Krisis pangan global dan tingginya kebutuhan protein hewani menuntut adanya sumber protein alternatif yang berkelanjutan dalam akuakultur. Ketergantungan pada tepung ikan sebagai bahan pakan utama menghadapi kendala berupa keterbatasan pasokan dan fluktuasi harga, sehingga diperlukan eksplorasi bahan nabati dengan potensi tinggi, antara lain jarak pagar (Jatropha curcas). Artikel ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji potensi jarak pagar sebagai sumber protein alternatif dalam pakan akuakultur. Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam kajian ini adalah metode kualitatif dengan teknik pengumpulan data melalui studi literatur atau kajian pustaka. Data diperoleh dengan mempelajari teori, konsep, dan hasil penelitian terdahulu yang relevan dengan topik. Sumber kajian berasal artikel jurnal bereputasi nasional, internasional dan prosiding yang diterbitkan dari tahun 2010-2025. Proses pengumpulan literatur dilakukan melalui berbagai basis data seperti Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, MDPI, Springer Link dan Google Scholar dengan menggunakan kata kunci yang sesuai.Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa jarak pagar mengandung protein tinggi 56–64% dengan profil asam amino lengkap serta senyawa bioaktif (flavonoid 0,09–2,92%, saponin 0,092–3,5%, tanin 0.0049–0,395%, fenolik 0,48-38%, alkaloid 0,070-0,50% terpenoid 0,022%) yang berfungsi sebagai imunostimulan. Proses detoksifikasi mampu menurunkan kandungan antinutrisi hingga 85%. Aplikasinya dalam pakan mampu menggantikan tepung ikan dan kedelai sebesar 10–40%, meningkatkan pertumbuhan, efisiensi pakan, respons imun, dan kelangsungan hidup organisme budidaya hingga 88,3%. Kajian ini menyimpulkan jarak pagar memiliki potensi sebagai sumber protein alternatif dalam pakan akuakultur karena kandungan nutrisinya yang tinggi dan keberadaan senyawa bioaktif yang bermanfaat melalui metode pengolahan yang tepat. Namun, pemanfaatannya masih terbatas oleh kandungan senyawa toksik yang memerlukan proses detoksifikasi efektif dan aman. Tantangan riset ke depan mencakup optimalisasi teknologi detoksifikasi dan analisis kelayakan aplikasinya dalam skala industri.
The global food crisis and the increasing demand for animal protein necessitate sustainable alternative protein sources in aquaculture. Dependence on fishmeal as the primary feed ingredient faces challenges due to limited supply and fluctuating prices, making it essential to explore high-potential plant-based materials such as Jatropha curcas. This article aims to review the potential of Jatropha curcas as a protein source alternative in aquaculture feed. The research employed a qualitative method through a literature review, analyzing theories, concepts, and previous studies relevant to the topic. The data sources were peer-reviewed national and international articles and conference proceedings published between 2010 and 2025. Literature was collected from various databases, including Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, MDPI, Springer Link, and Google Scholar, using predetermined keywords. The findings indicate that Jatropha curcas contains high protein (56–64%) with a complete amino acid profile and bioactive compounds (flavonoids 0.09–2.92%, saponins 0.092–3.5%, tannins 0.0049–0.395%, phenolics 0.48–38%, alkaloids 0.070–0.50%, terpenoids 0.022%) that function as immunostimulants. Detoxification processes can reduce antinutritional factors by up to 85%. Its application in aquafeed can substitute 10–40% of fishmeal and soybean meal, improving growth, feed efficiency, immune response, and survival rate of cultured organisms up to 88.3%. This review concludes that Jatropha curcas has strong potential as an alternative protein source in aquaculture feed due to its high nutritional content and beneficial bioactive compounds when processed appropriately. However, its utilization remains constrained by toxic compounds that require effective and safe detoxification. Future research challenges include optimizing detoxification technologies and evaluating the plant feasibility for industrial-scale applications.
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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15578/jra.20.2.2025.195-228
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