SCREENING AND ENZYMATIC–BIOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF PROBIOTIC CANDIDATE BACTERIA ISOLATED FROM THE DIGESTIVE TRACT OF LAKE TOBA NILE TILAPIA (Oreochromis niloticus)

Emmy Syafitri, Dwi Tika Afriani

Abstract


Intensive Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) culture in floating net cages in Lake Toba has increased organic waste accumulation due to uneaten fish feed, contributing to water quality degradation, eutrophication, and mass fish mortality. Probiotics are considered a potential solution to improve feed digestibility to mitigate eutrophication and high concentration of dissolved organic matter. However, information on indigenous probiotic bacteria from the digestive tract of tilapia cultured in Lake Toba is limited, particularly regarding their enzymatic and biochemical characteristics. This study aimed to isolate, screen, and characterize enzyme-producing bacteria from the digestive tract of Lake Toba Nile tilapia as early probiotic candidates. Bacterial isolation was performed using serial dilution and culture on tryptic soy agar, followed by purification and morphological characterization. Enzymatic screening for amylolytic, proteolytic, and lipolytic activities was conducted using substrate-specific agar media, and selected isolates were identified using biochemical tests. Seven bacterial isolates were obtained, of which three exhibited extracellular enzymatic activity. Two isolates showed proteolytic activity with clear-zone diameters ranging from 17.4 ± 0.7 to 22.6 ± 0.7 mm, while one isolate demonstrated amylolytic activity with a clear-zone diameter of 1.57 ± 0.5 mm. No lipolytic activity was detected. Based on morphological and biochemical characteristics, the enzyme-producing isolates were identified as belonging to the genera Micrococcus, Staphylococcus, and Streptococcus. These results indicate that the digestive tract of Lake Toba Nile tilapia harbors indigenous enzyme-producing bacteria with potential as probiotic candidates. Further molecular identification, safety evaluation, and in vivo assessment are required prior to their application in aquaculture. 

Budidaya ikan nila (Oreochromis niloticus) secara intensif dalam sistem keramba jaring apung di Danau Toba telah meningkatkan akumulasi limbah organik akibat adanya pakan yang tidak termakan, sehingga berkontribusi terhadap penurunan kualitas perairan, eutrofikasi, dan terjadinya kematian ikan secara massal. Probiotik dipandang sebagai salah satu solusi potensial untuk meningkatkan kecernaan pakan untuk mitigasi terjadinya eutrofikasi dan tingginya konsentrasi bahan organik terlarut. Namun, informasi mengenai bakteri probiotik indigenous yang berasal dari saluran pencernaan ikan nila yang dibudidayakan di Danau Toba masih terbatas, khususnya terkait karakteristik enzimatik dan biokimianya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengisolasi, menyeleksi, dan mengkarakterisasi bakteri penghasil enzim dari saluran pencernaan ikan nila Danau Toba sebagai kandidat probiotik tahap awal. Isolasi bakteri dilakukan menggunakan metode pengenceran bertingkat dan penanaman pada media tryptic soy agar, diikuti dengan pemurnian dan karakterisasi morfologi. Skrining aktivitas enzimatik meliputi aktivitas amilolitik, proteolitik, dan lipolitik menggunakan media agar dengan substrat spesifik, sedangkan isolat terpilih diidentifikasi melalui uji biokimia. Sebanyak tujuh isolat bakteri berhasil diperoleh, dengan tiga isolat menunjukkan aktivitas enzim ekstraseluler. Dua isolat menunjukkan aktivitas proteolitik dengan diameter zona bening berkisar antara 17,4 ± 0,7 hingga 22,6 ± 0,7 mm, sedangkan satu isolat menunjukkan aktivitas amilolitik dengan diameter zona bening sebesar 1,57 ± 0,5 mm. Aktivitas lipolitik tidak terdeteksi. Berdasarkan karakteristik morfologi dan biokimia, isolat penghasil enzim tersebut diidentifikasi berasal dari genus Micrococcus, Staphylococcus, dan Streptococcus. Hasil ini menunjukkan bahwa saluran pencernaan ikan nila Danau Toba mengandung bakteri indigenous penghasil enzim yang berpotensi sebagai kandidat probiotik. Identifikasi molekuler lebih lanjut, evaluasi keamanan, dan pengujian in vivo diperlukan sebelum aplikasinya dalam sistem akuakultur.


Keywords


Lake Toba; mass mortality; organic waste; probiotic; tilapia; Danau Toba; ikan nila; kematian masal; limbah organik; probiotik

Full Text:

PDF

References


Ado, B. V., Ajekwe, M. S., & Omeonu, F. C. (2025). Microbial diversity and lipolytic activity of bacteria and fungi from oil-contaminated sites in Makurdi metropolis. Open Access Journal of Microbiology & Biotechnology, 10(2), 000338. https://doi.org/10.23880/oajmb-16000318

Afrianto, E., & Liviawaty, E. (2019). Potensi mikroba probiotik dari ikan nila mati massal di Waduk Cirata. Jurnal Perikanan dan Kelautan, 10(2), 96–101.

Agustina. (2023). Potensi bakteri asam laktat dari usus ikan repang (Puntioplites waandersi) sebagai probiotik pada ikan (1st ed.). Deepublish.

Agustina, N., Asih, E. N. N., & Kartika, A. G. D. (2022). Jenis Gram dan morfologi koloni bakteri air baku garam. Jurnal Ilmu Kelautan Lesser Sunda, 2(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.29303/jikls.v2i1.44

Al-Haidari, A. M. D., Alsaadawi, I. S., & Khudhair, S. H. (2021). Determination the optimum conditions of the activity and stability of lipase extracted from sunflower germinated seeds. Iraqi Journal of Science, 62(2), 431–440. https://doi.org/10.24996/ijs.2021.62.2.8a

Ashari, H., Burhanuddin, B., Malik, A., Murni, M., & Saleh, S. (2023). Pengaruh oksigen terlarut terhadap laju mineralisasi ammonia, nitrit, nitrat, dan fosfat pada budidaya udang vaname (Litopenaeus vannamei). Jurnal Ruaya, 11(1), 80–85. https://doi.org/10.29406/jr.v11i1.4646

Bairagi, A., Ghosh, K. S., Sen, S. K., & Ray, A. K. (2002). Enzyme producing bacterial flora isolated from fish digestive tracts. Aquaculture International, 10, 109–121. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021355406412

Chong, R. S.-M. (2022). Ammonia toxicosis. In Aquaculture pathophysiology (pp. 705–711). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-812211-2.00061-5

Dalahi, F., Subekti, S., & Agustono. (2014). Isolasi dan identifikasi bakteri yang terdapat pada saluran pencernaan ikan gurami (Osphronemus gouramy) dengan pemberian pakan komersil yang berbeda. Jurnal Ilmiah Perikanan dan Kelautan, 6(1), 87–92. https://doi.org/10.20473/jipk.v6i1.11385

Efendi, Y., & Yusra. (2014). Skrining kandidat bakteri probiotik dari saluran pencernaan ikan nila (Tilapia nilotica) berdasarkan aktivitas produksi enzim proteolitik ekstraseluler. In Seminar Nasional Tahunan Ke IV Hasil-Hasil Penelitian Perikanan dan Kelautan (pp. 325–322).

Elkased, R. F. (2024). Estimation of protease enzyme bioactivity isolated from bacterial strains. Recent Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, 8(2), 29–38. https://doi.org/10.21608/rpbs.2024.275092.1276

Firdus, F., Fhatalina, C. P., & Fitri, L. (2022). Characterization of potential probiotic in digestive tract of Mugil cephalus (Linnaeus, 1758). Depik, 11(2), 231–236. https://doi.org/10.13170/depik.11.2.25698

Garno, Y. S., Nugroho, R., & Hanif, M. (2020). Kualitas air Danau Toba di wilayah Kabupaten Toba Samosir dan kelayakan peruntukannya. Jurnal Teknologi Lingkungan, 21(1), 118–124. https://doi.org/10.29122/jtl.v21i1.3277

Ginting, S. S. B., Suryanto, D., & Desrita, D. (2018). Isolasi dan karakterisasi bakteri potensial probiotik pada saluran pencernaan ikan bandeng (Chanos chanos). Acta Aquatica: Aquatic Sciences Journal, 5(1), 23–29. https://doi.org/10.29103/aa.v5i1.390

Gupta, M. K. (2023). Isolation of microorganisms. In Basic biotechniques for bioprocess and bioentrepreneurship (pp. 3–21). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-816109-8.00001-5

Gurina, T. S., & Mohiuddin, S. S. (2020). Biochemistry, protein catabolism. In StatPearls. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK556047/

Kuebutornye, F. K. A., Lu, Y., Abarike, E. D., Wang, Z., Li, Y., & Sakyi, M. E. (2020). In vitro assessment of the probiotic characteristics of three Bacillus species from the gut of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Probiotics and Antimicrobial Proteins, 12(2), 412–424. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12602-019-09562-5

Kurniasih, T., Lusiastuti, A. M., Azwar, Z. I., & Melati, I. (2014). Isolasi dan seleksi bakteri saluran pencernaan ikan lele sebagai upaya mendapatkan kandidat probiotik untuk efisiensi pakan ikan. Jurnal Riset Akuakultur, 9(1), 99–109. https://doi.org/10.15578/jra.9.1.2014.99-109

Kusmiyati, N., Sari, C. R., & Utami, U. (2025). Aktivitas enzim amilase, lipase, dan protease pada probiotik indigenus kelompok Lactobacillus casei. Al-Kauniyah: Jurnal Biologi, 18(2), 227–235. https://doi.org/10.15408/kauniyah.v18i2.25724

Lee, P. A. (2023). Phenotypic tests and biochemical procedures. In ClinMicroNow (pp. 1–20). Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781683670438.cmph0196

Linscott, A. J., & Wang, H. (2023). Collection, transport, and manipulation of clinical specimens and other preanalytical concerns. In ClinMicroNow (pp. 1–40). Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781683674849.cmph0003

Makuachukwu, O. C., & George-Okafor, U. O. (2025). Isolation and characterization of proteolytic bacteria strains from poultry waste-contaminated soil. World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews, 26(3), 1598–1603. https://doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2025.26.3.2297

Maulu, S., Hasimuna, O. J., Mphande, J., & Munang’andu, H. M. (2021). Prevention and control of streptococcosis in tilapia culture: A systematic review. Journal of Aquatic Animal Health, 33(3), 162–177. https://doi.org/10.1002/aah.10132

Mawardi, M., Indrawati, A., Lusiastuti, A. M., & Wibawan, I. W. T. (2023). Characterization of spore-forming bacteria isolated from tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and their potential for a probiotic candidate. Indonesian Aquaculture Journal, 18(2), 105–114. https://doi.org/10.15578/iaj.18.2.2023.105-114

Munguti, J. M., Kirimi, J. G., Obiero, K. O., Ogello, E. O., Kyule, D. N., Liti, D. M., & Musalia, L. M. (2020). Aqua-feed wastes: Impact on natural systems and practical mitigations—A review. Journal of Agricultural Science, 13(1), 111–121. https://doi.org/10.5539/jas.v13n1p111

Nathanailides, C., Kolygas, M., Tsoumani, M., Gouva, E., Mavraganis, T., & Karayanni, H. (2023). Addressing phosphorus waste in open flow freshwater fish farms: Challenges and solutions. Fishes, 8(9), 442. https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8090442

Panjaitan, P., & Manullang, H. M. (2022). Dampak budidaya ikan nila dengan sistem dan teknologi keramba jaring apung terhadap kualitas perairan Danau Toba. Jurnal Aquaculture Indonesia, 1(2), 111–119. https://doi.org/10.46576/jai.v1i2.2029

Pesek, S., & Silaghi-Dumitrescu, R. (2024). The iodine/iodide/starch supramolecular complex. Molecules, 29(3), 641. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29030641

Prasetya, I. S., Nugrayani, D., Safitri, A. P., & Abrilia, M. (2023). Kontribusi budidaya keramba jaring apung terhadap peningkatan faktor pembatas fosfor dan nitrogen di ekosistem waduk Pulau Jawa. MAIYAH, 2(4), 284–292. https://doi.org/10.20884/1.maiyah.2023.2.4.9956

Selim, S., Harun-Ur-Rashid, M., Jahan, I., & Mostafa, E. M. (2024). Culture-independent molecular techniques for bacterial detection in bivalves. Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research, 50(4), 585–600. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejar.2024.11.002

Sirisha, E., Rajasekar, N., & Narasu, M. L. (2010). Isolation and optimization of lipase producing bacteria from oil contaminated soils. Advances in Biological Research, 4(5), 249–252.

Thepnarong, K., Jitpakdee, J., Chiayvareesajja, S., Kantachote, D., & Sangnoi, Y. (2024). Isolation and selection of probiotic bacteria from Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) as probiotics for promoting fish growth. ASEAN Journal of Science and Technology Reports, 27(6), e255643. https://doi.org/10.55164/ajstr.v27i6.255643

Tizabi, D., & Hill, R. T. (2023). Micrococcus spp. as a promising source for drug discovery: A review. Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology, 50(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1093/jimb/kuad017

Wang, P.-C., Maekawa, S., & Chen, S.-C. (2022). Streptococcosis. In Aquaculture pathophysiology (pp. 439–445). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-812211-2.00035-4

Wisnu, R. P., Karuniasa, M., & Moersidik, S. S. (2021). The impact of fish feed on water quality in Lake Cilala, Bogor Regency, West Java. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 716(1), 012023. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/716/1/012023

Yulikasari, A., Tangahu, B. V., Nurhayati, E., Arliyani, I., Mashudi, Titah, H. S., Lam, Y. M., Wang, Y., In, H., & Soesilo, M. M. (2024). Identification of the morphological features of indigenous microbes from bauxite residue disposal areas in Indonesia. E3S Web of Conferences, 557, 03003. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202455703003




DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15578/jra.20.4.2025.355-367