SCREENING AND ENZYMATIC–BIOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF PROBIOTIC CANDIDATE BACTERIA ISOLATED FROM THE DIGESTIVE TRACT OF LAKE TOBA NILE TILAPIA (Oreochromis niloticus)
Abstract
Intensive Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) culture in floating net cages in Lake Toba has increased organic waste accumulation due to uneaten fish feed, contributing to water quality degradation, eutrophication, and mass fish mortality. Probiotics are considered a potential solution to improve feed digestibility to mitigate eutrophication and high concentration of dissolved organic matter. However, information on indigenous probiotic bacteria from the digestive tract of tilapia cultured in Lake Toba is limited, particularly regarding their enzymatic and biochemical characteristics. This study aimed to isolate, screen, and characterize enzyme-producing bacteria from the digestive tract of Lake Toba Nile tilapia as early probiotic candidates. Bacterial isolation was performed using serial dilution and culture on tryptic soy agar, followed by purification and morphological characterization. Enzymatic screening for amylolytic, proteolytic, and lipolytic activities was conducted using substrate-specific agar media, and selected isolates were identified using biochemical tests. Seven bacterial isolates were obtained, of which three exhibited extracellular enzymatic activity. Two isolates showed proteolytic activity with clear-zone diameters ranging from 17.4 ± 0.7 to 22.6 ± 0.7 mm, while one isolate demonstrated amylolytic activity with a clear-zone diameter of 1.57 ± 0.5 mm. No lipolytic activity was detected. Based on morphological and biochemical characteristics, the enzyme-producing isolates were identified as belonging to the genera Micrococcus, Staphylococcus, and Streptococcus. These results indicate that the digestive tract of Lake Toba Nile tilapia harbors indigenous enzyme-producing bacteria with potential as probiotic candidates. Further molecular identification, safety evaluation, and in vivo assessment are required prior to their application in aquaculture.
Budidaya ikan nila (Oreochromis niloticus) secara intensif dalam sistem keramba jaring apung di Danau Toba telah meningkatkan akumulasi limbah organik akibat adanya pakan yang tidak termakan, sehingga berkontribusi terhadap penurunan kualitas perairan, eutrofikasi, dan terjadinya kematian ikan secara massal. Probiotik dipandang sebagai salah satu solusi potensial untuk meningkatkan kecernaan pakan untuk mitigasi terjadinya eutrofikasi dan tingginya konsentrasi bahan organik terlarut. Namun, informasi mengenai bakteri probiotik indigenous yang berasal dari saluran pencernaan ikan nila yang dibudidayakan di Danau Toba masih terbatas, khususnya terkait karakteristik enzimatik dan biokimianya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengisolasi, menyeleksi, dan mengkarakterisasi bakteri penghasil enzim dari saluran pencernaan ikan nila Danau Toba sebagai kandidat probiotik tahap awal. Isolasi bakteri dilakukan menggunakan metode pengenceran bertingkat dan penanaman pada media tryptic soy agar, diikuti dengan pemurnian dan karakterisasi morfologi. Skrining aktivitas enzimatik meliputi aktivitas amilolitik, proteolitik, dan lipolitik menggunakan media agar dengan substrat spesifik, sedangkan isolat terpilih diidentifikasi melalui uji biokimia. Sebanyak tujuh isolat bakteri berhasil diperoleh, dengan tiga isolat menunjukkan aktivitas enzim ekstraseluler. Dua isolat menunjukkan aktivitas proteolitik dengan diameter zona bening berkisar antara 17,4 ± 0,7 hingga 22,6 ± 0,7 mm, sedangkan satu isolat menunjukkan aktivitas amilolitik dengan diameter zona bening sebesar 1,57 ± 0,5 mm. Aktivitas lipolitik tidak terdeteksi. Berdasarkan karakteristik morfologi dan biokimia, isolat penghasil enzim tersebut diidentifikasi berasal dari genus Micrococcus, Staphylococcus, dan Streptococcus. Hasil ini menunjukkan bahwa saluran pencernaan ikan nila Danau Toba mengandung bakteri indigenous penghasil enzim yang berpotensi sebagai kandidat probiotik. Identifikasi molekuler lebih lanjut, evaluasi keamanan, dan pengujian in vivo diperlukan sebelum aplikasinya dalam sistem akuakultur.
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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15578/jra.20.4.2025.355-367






