Transplantasi Terumbu Karang Acropora spp, Untuk Rehabilitasi Terumbu Karang di Pulau Panjang, Teluk Banten

Afandi Saputra; D. Dasa Permana; F. Dwi Cahyo; Arif Arif; E. Arif Wijonarko

doi:10.15578/jkpt.v4i2.10074

Transplantasi Terumbu Karang Acropora spp, Untuk Rehabilitasi Terumbu Karang di Pulau Panjang, Teluk Banten

Afandi Saputra, D. Dasa Permana, F. Dwi Cahyo, Arif Arif, E. Arif Wijonarko

Abstract

Teluk Banten menyimpan kekayaan sumberdaya terumbu karang. Selama beberapa tahun terakhir telah terjadi perubahan sumber daya terumbu karang yang disebabkan dari perubahan lingkungan. Periode pemulihan untuk terumbu yang rusak sangat bervariasi, pemulihan dengan transplantasi karang untuk membuat terumbu buatan dapat berguna untuk meningkatkan keanekaragaman hayati. Studi rehabilitasi terumbu, koloni karang terutama Acropora spp ditransplantasikan diluasan area sekitar 50 m² di Perairan Pulau Panjang Teluk Banten dengan rak transplantasi model hybrid dengan kedalaman 1,5-2 m. Pertumbuhan dan mortalitas dipantau selama 8 bulan. Tingkat kelangsungan hidup karang selama kurun waktu 8 bulan setelah transplantasi adalah 95%. Sebagian besar mortalitas transplantasi akibat aksi peningkatan suhu perairan terjadi selama 6 bulan. Tingkat pertumbuhan sangat bervariasi dengan seperempat dari transplantasi menunjukkan pertumbuhan negatif selama setiap periode antar survei. Beberapa jenis spesies yang ditransplantasi seperti Acropora carduus, Acropora cervicurnis, Acropora formosa, Acropora grandis, Acropora intermedia, dan Acropora pulchra memiliki tingkat pertumbuhan yang cukup baik. Dari awal penanaman Acropora spp terjadi penambahan dengan Panjang 6,44 cm dengan laju pertumbuhan sebesar 0,025 cm/hari, atau 0,757 cm/bulan, atau asumsi laju pertumbuhan tahunan sebesar 9,09 cm/tahun. Transplantasi jenis Acropora spp merupakan spesies dengan tingkat pertumbuhan yang tinggi dengan mortalitas yang relatif rendah. Pertumbuhan dan kelangsungan hidup transplantasi dapat disimpulkan: (1) spesies transplantasi harus dipilih dengan hati-hati karena spesies tertentu secara signifikan lebih dapat menerima transplantasi daripada yang lain, (2) pilihan apakah fragmen atau seluruh koloni ditransplantasikan dapat sangat mempengaruhi kelangsungan hidup, (3) kehilangan transplantasi yang cukup besar kemungkinan besar dari lokasi energi yang lebih tinggi apa pun metode pelekatan, (4) transplantasi harus, secara umum, dilakukan hanya jika pemulihan setelah rekrutmen alami tidak mungkin dilakukan.

Keywords

transplantasi karang; rehabilitasi terumbu; Acropora spp; Pulau Panjang

Full Text:

PDF

References

Afiq-Rosli, L., Taira, D., Loke, H. X., Toh, T. C., Toh, K. Ben, Ng, C. S. L., Cabaitan, P. C., Chou, L. M., & Song, T. (2017). In situ nurseries enhance coral transplant growth in sedimented waters. Marine Biology Research, 13(8), 878–887. https://doi.org/10.1080/17451000.2017.1307988.

Aldilla, A., Zamani, N. P., & Haryadi, S. (2014). Analisis Kondisi Habitat Karang Di Pulau Rimaubalak, Kandangbalak, Dan Panjurit, Lampung Selatan. Institut Pertanian Bogor.

Ammar, M., Ahmed, S., EL-Gammal, Nassar, F., Belal, M., Farag, A., EL-Mesiry, W., EL-Haddad, G., Orabi, K., Abdelreheem, A., Shaaban, A., & Amgad. (2013). Review: Current trends in coral transplantation â€“ an approach to preserve biodiversity. Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity, 14(1), 43–53. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d140107.

Bayraktarov, E., Saunders, M. I., Abdullah, S., Mills, M., Beher, J., Possingham, H. P., Mumby, P. J., & Lovelock, C. E. (2016). The cost and feasibility of marine coastal restoration. Ecological Applications, 26(4), 1055–1074. https://doi.org/10.1890/15-1077.

Cahyo, A. (2017). Identifikasi Penyakit Pada Terumbu Karang Menggunakan Ripple Down Rules. JUTEI, 1(2), 165–174.

Cambardella, C. A., Gajda, A. M., Doran, J. W., Wienhold, B. J. &, & Kettler, T. A. (2001). Estimation of particulate and total organic matter by weight loss-on-ignition (In R. Lal,).

Ceccarelli, D. M., Loffler, Z., Bourne, D. G., Al Moajil-Cole, G. S., Boström-Einarsson, L., Evans-Illidge, E., Fabricius, K., Glasl, B., Marshall, P., McLeod, I., Read, M., Schaffelke, B., Smith, A. K., Jorda, G. T., Williamson, D. H., & Bay, L. (2018). Rehabilitation of coral reefs through removal of macroalgae: state of knowledge and considerations for management and implementation. Restoration Ecology, 26(5), 827–838. https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.12852

Clark, S., & Edwards, A. J. (1995). Coral transplantation as an aid to reef rehabilitation: evaluation of a case study in the Maldive Islands. Coral Reefs, 14(4), 201–213. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00334342.

Clark S, E. A. (1994). The use of artificial reef structures to rehabilitate reef flats degraded by coral mining in the Maldives. Bull Mar Sci, 55, 726–746.

Cruz, D. W. D., & Harrison, P. L. (2017). Enhanced larval supply and recruitment can replenish reef corals on degraded reefs. Scientific Reports, 7(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-14546-y.

Doropoulos, C., & Babcock, R. C. (2018). Harnessing connectivity to facilitate coral restoration. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 16(10), 558–559. https://doi.org/10.1002/fee.1975.

Doropoulos, C., Elzinga, J., ter Hofstede, R., van Koningsveld, M., & Babcock, R. C. (2019). Optimizing industrial-scale coral reef restoration: comparing harvesting wild coral spawn slicks and transplanting gravid adult colonies. Restoration Ecology, 27(4), 758–767. https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.12918.

Effendie, M. . (1997). Biologi Perikanan. Yayasan Pustaka Nusatama.

Forrester, G. E., Ferguson, M. A., O’Connell-Rodwell, C. E., & Jarecki, L. L. (2014). Long-term survival and colony growth of Acropora palmata fragments transplanted by volunteers for restoration. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, 24(1), 81–91. https://doi.org/10.1002/aqc.2374.

Forrester, G. E., Maynard, A., Schofield, S., & Taylor, K. (2012). Evaluating causes of transplant stress in fragments of Acropora Palmata used for coral reef restoration. Bulletin of Marine Science, 88(4), 1099–1113. https://doi.org/10.5343/bms.2012.1016.

Gilmour, J. P., Smith, L. D., Heyward, A. J., Baird, A. H., & Pratchett, M. S. (2013). Recovery of an isolated coral reef system following severe disturbance. Science, 340(6128), 69–71. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1232310.

Gomez, E.D., Yap, H.T., Cabaitan, P.C., & Dizon, R.M. (2008). Successful transplantation of a fragmenting coral, montipora digitata, for reef rehabilitation. Coastal Management, 39(5), 556–574. https://doi.org/10.1080/08920753.2011.600240.

Hatcher BG, Johannes RE, R. A. (1989). Review of research relevant to the conservation of shallow tropical marine eco systems. Oceanogr Mar Biol Ann, Rev 27, 337–414.

Hein, M. Y., Willis, B. L., Beeden, R., & Birtles, A. (2017). The need for broader ecological and socioeconomic tools to evaluate the effectiveness of coral restoration programs. Restoration Ecology, 25(6), 873–883. https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.12580.

Hernández-Delgado, E. A., Mercado-Molina, A. E., Alejandro-Camis, P. J., Candelas-Sánchez, F., Fonseca-Miranda, J. S., González-Ramos, C. M., Guzmán-Rodríguez, R., Mège, P., Montañez-Acuña, A. A., Maldonado, I. O., Otaño-Cruz, A., & Suleimán-Ramos, S. E. (2014). Community-Based Coral Reef Rehabilitation in a Changing Climate: Lessons Learned from Hurricanes, Extreme Rainfall, and Changing Land Use Impacts. Open Journal of Ecology, 04(14), 918–944. https://doi.org/10.4236/oje.2014.414077.

Hudson JH, D. R. (1988). Damage survey and restoration of MN Wellwood grounding site, Molasses Reef, Key Largo National Marine Sanctuary. Proc 6th Int Coral Reef Symp 2, 231–236.

Irawan, H., Yude, R., Suhana, M. P., Suryanti, A., Kurniawan, D., Zahra, A., Putra, R. D., Razai, T. S., Yunianto, A. H., & Syakti, A. D. (2019). Assembled concrete reefs as a stand for coral transplantation on the seabed. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 348(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/348/1/012046.

Jalius, Setiyanto, D. D., Sumantadinata, K., Riani, E., & Ernawati, Y. (2008). Akumulasi Logam Berat dan Pengaruhnya Terhadap Spermatogenesis Kerang Hijau ( Perna viridis ). Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Perairan Dan Perikanan Indonesia, 15(1), 77–83.

Madiyani, K. D. P., Triastuti, J., & Pursetyo, K. T. (2018). Inventory of the tropical coral reef fishes in Wondama Bay regency, West Papua, Indonesia. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 137(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/137/1/012095.

Miller SL, McFall GB, H. A. (1993). Guidelines and recommendations for coral reefrestoration in the Florida Keys National marine Sanctuary. In National Undersea Research Center, University of North Carolina at Wilmington.

Nava, H., & Figueroa-Camacho, A. G. (2017). Rehabilitation of damaged reefs: Outcome of the use of recently broken coral fragments and healed coral fragments of pocilloporid corals on rocky boulders. Marine Ecology, 38(5), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1111/maec.12456.

Nybakken, J. (1992). Suatu Pendekatan Ekologis. PT Gramedia. Jakarta.

Ofri johan, Dedi Soedharrna, dan S. (2008). Tingkat Keberhasilan Transplantasi Karang Batu pada Lokasi Berbeda di Gugusan Pulau Pari Kepulauan Seribu Jakarta.

Ohman, M. ., & Rajasuriya, A. (1998). Relationships between habitat structure and fish communities.pdf. In Environmental Biology of Fishes (Vol. 53, Issue 1, pp. 19–31).

Pearson, R. (1981). Recovery and recolonization of coral reefs. Mar Ecol Prog, 4, 105–122.

Rustam, A., Adi, N. S., Mustikasari, E., Kepel, T. L., & Kusumaningtyas, M. A. (2018). Characteristics of sediment distribution and sedimentation rate in the Bay of Banten. Jurnal Segara, 14(3), 137–144.

Salvat, B. (1987). Human impacts on coral reefs: facts and recommendations. Antenne Museum, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, French Polynesia.

Smith, V. J. (2016). Immunology of Invertebrates : Cellular (pp. 1–13). Book Title: Encyclopedia of Life Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470015902.a0002344.pub3.

Ulfah, I., Yusuf, S., Rappe, R. A., Bahar, A., Haris, A., Tresnati, J., & Tuwo, A. (2020). Coral conditions and reef fish presence in the coral transplantation area on Kapoposang Island, Pangkep Regency, South Sulawesi. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 473(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/473/1/012058.

Wiguna, D. A., Masithah, E. D., & Manan, A. (2018). The percentage of coral reef cover in Saonek Kecil Island, Raja Ampat, West Papua. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 137(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/137/1/012049

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15578/jkpt.v4i2.10074