EVALUASI KESESUAIAN TAMBAK BUDIDAYA UDANG VANAME DENGAN TINGKAT TEKNOLOGI BERBEDA DI PESISIR KABUPATEN LAMPUNG TIMUR, INDONESIA

Abstract

Pesisir Kabupaten Lampung Timur merupakan sentra budidaya udang vaname (Litopenaeus vannamei). Namun, daerah ini mengalami fluktuasi produksi, di mana produksi periode tahun 2019-2021 mengalami penurunan dari 10.504 ton menjadi 5.903 ton. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengevaluasi kesesuaian fisik lahan serta kualitas air dan tanah tambak pemeliharaan udang vaname yang diklasifikasikan ke dalam dua tingkat teknologi budidaya: tradisional dan semi-intensif atau intensif. Lokasi penelitian berada di pesisir Kabupaten Lampung Timur. Parameter yang diukur (1) kesesuaian fisik lahan meliputi ketinggian lahan, penggunaan lahan, jarak dari pantai, dan jarak dari sungai; (2) kualitas air terdiri dari suhu, salinitas, pH, oksigen terlarut, alkalinitas, amonia, nitrit, nitrat, serta fosfat; dan (3) kualitas tanah berupa pH dan jenis substrat sedimen. Tingkat kesesuaian fisik lahan dianalisis menggunakan sistem informasi geografis dengan metode tumpang susun (overlay) peta. Kesesuaian kualitas air dan tanah berpedoman pada Peraturan Menteri Kelautan dan Perikanan Nomor 75 Tahun 2016. Hasil evaluasi kesesuaian lahan untuk tambak tradisional menunjukkan 491,45 ha masuk kategori sangat sesuai (S1) dan sesuai (S2) serta 9.662,61 ha sesuai marjinal (S3). Untuk tambak semi-intensif atau intensif seluas 11,61 ha masuk kategori S1 dan S2 serta 10.416,58 ha kategori S3. Nilai hasil uji kualitas air dan tanah bervariasi di tiap titik pengujian, namun umumnya sesuai, hanya salinitas tambak semi-intensif atau intensif tercatat tidak sesuai standar budidaya udang vaname. Hasil penelitian menyimpulkan lokasi tambak di lahan S3 dan ketidaksesuaian salinitas menjadi faktor yang memengaruhi secara langsung keberhasilan budidaya dan stabilitas produksi udang.

The coastal area of East Lampung Regency is one of the main centers for whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) aquaculture in Lampung Province. However, the area’s shrimp production has highly fluctuated. For example, in 2019-2021, the production decreased from 10,504 tons to 5,903 tons. This study aimed to evaluate the land suitability, water and soil quality of shrimp ponds located in the coastal of East Lampung Regency which use two types of farming technology: traditional and semi-intensive or intensive. The measured parameters included: (1) physical suitability parameters: land height from sea level, land use, distance from the beach and river; (2) water quality parameters: temperature, salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen, alkalinity, ammonia, nitrite, nitrate, and phosphate; and (3) soil quality parameters: pH and types of sediment. The level of land suitability was determined using the geographic information system (GIS) approach, in which a weighted overlay method was employed. The suitability classification of water and soil quality was based on the standard in the Decree of the Minister of Marine Affairs and Fisheries Number 75/2016. The results showed that 491.45 ha was categorized as highly suitable (S1) and suitable (S2) and 9,662.61 ha as marginally suitable (S3) for traditional farming. For semi-intensive or intensive farming were located in the S1 and S2 of 11.61 ha and S3 category of 10,416.58 ha. Water and soil quality varied in each research site but generally still met the required standard, only the water salinity of the semi-intensive/intensive did not meet the required standards of whiteleg shrimp farming. The study concludes that the location of the ponds in S3 land and the inappropriate salinity directly affect the success and stable production of shrimp farming in the area.