Effects of chopped banana stems and taro leaves on water mineral content, vibrio abundance, blood glucose, and growth of Tilapia cultured in Saline Water

Tamrin Tamrin; Rovina Andriani; Ismi Musdalifah Darsan; Riyadi Subur; Muhammad Aris

doi:10.15578/aj.v8i1.20528

Effects of chopped banana stems and taro leaves on water mineral content, vibrio abundance, blood glucose, and growth of Tilapia cultured in Saline Water

Tamrin Tamrin, Rovina Andriani, Ismi Musdalifah Darsan, Riyadi Subur, Muhammad Aris

Abstract

Intensive culture of Nile tilapia in saline environments often faces major constraints, including water quality deterioration, proliferation of Vibrio spp., and physiological stress that impairs growth performance. Plant-based materials have recently gained attention as sustainable additives to improve aquatic environments and enhance fish health. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of chopped banana stem, taro leaves, and their combination on water mineral composition, Vibrio spp. abundance, blood glucose levels, and growth performance of Nile tilapia reared in saline conditions. The experiment was conducted over 30 days using four treatments: control (CO), banana stem (BS), taro leaves (TL), and their combination (BT, 1:1), each applied at a dose of 5 g/L with three replicates. Fifteen tilapia fingerlings were stocked in each container. The results showed that the application of plant materials significantly increased water mineral concentrations compared to the control. The BS treatment resulted in a significant reduction in Vibrio spp. abundance. Blood glucose levels remained relatively stable across all treatments. Growth parameters, including final weight, weight gain, and daily growth rate, were significantly improved in the treated groups, although survival rate did not differ significantly. Overall, the application of banana stem and taro leaves improved water quality, suppressed Vibrio spp. abundance, maintained physiological balance, and enhanced the growth of Nile tilapia.

Keywords

Banana stem, taro leaves, Nile tilapia.

Full Text:

PDF

References

Afiyah, Fira, M. D., Santanumurti, M. B., Jamal, M. T., Muttaqin, A., Subekti, S., & Sari, P. D. W. (2023). Blood glucose profile as a rapid method for observing Koi carp (Cyprinus carpio) health status - case study of ectoparasites in Blitar, Indonesia. Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinaria = Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Parasitology : Orgao Oficial Do Colegio Brasileiro de Parasitologia Veterinaria, 32(2), e014622. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612023019

Arumugam, M., Jayaraman, S., Sridhar, A., Venkatasamy, V., Brown, P. B., Abdul Kari, Z., Tellez-Isaias, G., & Ramasamy, T. (2023). Recent Advances in Tilapia Production for Sustainable Developments in Indian Aquaculture and Its Economic Benefits. Fishes, 8(4). https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8040176

Badan Standardisasi Nasional. (2009). SNI 7550:2009 - Produksi ikan nila (Oreochromis niloticus Bleeker) kelas pembesaran di kolam air tenang. https://pesta.bsn.go.id/produk/detail/8279-sni75502009

Boyd, C. E., McNevin, A. A., & Davis, R. P. (2022). The contribution of fisheries and aquaculture to the global protein supply. Food Security, 14(3), 805–827. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12571-021-01246-9

Caruso, D., Lusiastuti, A. M., Taukhid, T., Avarre, J.-C., Yuhana, M., & Sarter, S. (2017). Ethnobotanical Uses and Antimicrobial Properties of Plants in Small-Scale Tropical Fish Farms: The Case of Indonesian Fish Farmers in Java (Indonesia). Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 48(1), 83–92. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/jwas.12345

Dawood, M. A. O., Gewaily, M. S., & Sewilam, H. (2022). The growth performance, antioxidative capacity, and histological features of intestines, gills, and livers of Nile tilapia reared in different water salinities and fed menthol essential oil. Aquaculture, 554, 738122. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2022.738122

Dawood, M. A. O., Noreldin, A. E., & Sewilam, H. (2021). Long term salinity disrupts the hepatic function, intestinal health, and gills antioxidative status in Nile tilapia stressed with hypoxia. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 220, 112412. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112412

De Azevedo, R. V. De, Oliveira, K. F. De, Flores-lopes, F., & Goytacazes, C. (2015). Responses of Nile tilapia to different levels of water salinity. Latin American Journal of Aquatic Research, 43(5), 828–835. https://doi.org/10.3856/vol43-issue5-fulltext-3

Eames, S. C., Philipson, L. H., Prince, V. E., & Kinkel, M. D. (2010). Blood sugar measurement in zebrafish reveals dynamics of glucose homeostasis. Zebrafish, 7(2), 205–213. https://doi.org/10.1089/zeb.2009.0640

El-mousalamy, A. M., el tawil, nader, & ibrahim, shereen ali. (2022). Utilization of taro [Colocasia Esculenta (L.) Schott] and Lemon Grass (Cymbopogon Citratus), as Growth Performance Diets In Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis Niloticus L.). Bulletin of Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, 2022(1), 20–29. https://doi.org/10.21608/bfszu.2022.60021.1062

El-Sayed, A.-F. M., & Fitzsimmons, K. (2023). From Africa to the world—The journey of Nile tilapia. Reviews in Aquaculture, 15(S1), 6–21. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/raq.12738

Elgendy, M. Y., Abdelsalam, M., Kenawy, A. M., & Ali, S. E. (2022). Vibriosis outbreaks in farmed Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) caused by Vibrio mimicus and V. cholerae. Aquaculture International, 30(5), 2661–2677. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-022-00921-8

FAO. (2024). The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2024. Blue Transformation in action. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.4060/cd0683en

Ghosh, A. K., Panda, S. K., & Luyten, W. (2021). Effectiveness of medicinal plant extracts against Vibrio spp. in shrimp aquaculture. Aquaculture Research, 52(12), 6795–6801. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/are.15498

Gupta, N., Rani Kar, S., & Chakraborty, A. (2021). A Review on Medicinal Plants and Immune Status of Fish. Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Biology and Fisheries, 25(2), 897–912. https://doi.org/10.21608/ejabf.2021.170062

Haerussana, A. N. E. M., Ayuhastuti, A., Yuniar, S. F., Bustami, H. A., & Widyastiwi, W. (2022). Taro (Colocasia esculenta) leaves extract inhibits Streptococcus mutans ATCC 31987. Borneo Journal of Pharmacy, 5(3), 268–278. https://doi.org/10.33084/bjop.v5i3.3156

He, R. Z., Li, Z. C., Li, S. Y., & Li, A. X. (2021). Development of an immersion challenge model for Streptococcus agalactiae in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Aquaculture, 531, 735877. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2020.735877

Ho, L. H., Aziah, N., & Bhat, R. (2012). Mineral composition and pasting properties of banana pseudo-stem flour from Musa acuminata X balbisiana CV. Awak grown locally in Perak , Malaysia. International Food Research Journal, 19(4), 1479–1485. http://www.ifrj.upm.edu.my

Hridoy, M. A. A. M., Munny, F. J., Shahriar, F., Rahman, M. M., Islam, M. F., Kazmi, A., & Kawsar, M. A. (2025). Exploring the Potentials of Sajana (Moringa oleifera Lam.) as a Plant-Based Feed Ingredient to Sustainable and Good Aquaculture Practices: An Analysis of Growth Performance and Health Benefits. Aquaculture Research, 2025(1), 3580123. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1155/are/3580123

Jiang, D., Wu, Y., Huang, D., Ren, X., & Wang, Y. (2017). Effect of blood glucose level on acute stress response of grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella. Fish Physiology and Biochemistry, 43(5), 1433–1442. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10695-017-0383-y

Kamble, M. T., Gallardo, W., Salin, K. R., Pumpuang, S., Chavan, B. R., Bhujel, R. C., Medhe, S. V., Kettawan, A., Thompson, K. D., & Pirarat, N. (2024). Effect of Moringa oleifera Leaf Extract on the Growth Performance, Hematology, Innate Immunity, and Disease Resistance of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) against Streptococcus agalactiae Biotype 2. Animals, 14(6). https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14060953

Karuma, A. N., Njuguna, J. W., Gicheru, P., & Kaburu, F. (2024). Proximate analysis and mineral profile of taro (Colocasia esculenta) in Embu, Kenya. Tropical and Subtropical Agroecosystems, 27(2), 061. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.56369/tsaes.5379

Kitaoku, Y., Fukamizo, T., Kumsaoad, S., Ubonbal, P., Robinson, R. C., & Suginta, W. (2021). A structural model for (GlcNAc)2 translocation via a periplasmic chitooligosaccharide-binding protein from marine Vibrio bacteria. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 297(3), 101071. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101071

Kuebutornye, F. K. A., Roy, K., Folorunso, E. A., & Mraz, J. (2024). Plant-based feed additives in Cyprinus carpio aquaculture. Reviews in Aquaculture, 16(1), 309–336. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/raq.12840

Lall, S. P., & Kaushik, S. J. (2021). Nutrition and Metabolism of Minerals in Fish. Animals, 11(9). https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11092711

Liyadipitiya, N., Ekanayake, U., Jayarathna, L., Ulpathakumbura, S., Jayasinghe, L., & Marikkar, N. (2025). Nutritional composition and bioactivity studies on edible soft stem of banana. Agricultural Science and Technology, 17(1), 10–23. https://doi.org/10.15547/ast.2025.01.002

Lloyd, G. R., Uesugi, A., & Gleadow, R. M. (2021). Effects of Salinity on the Growth and Nutrition of Taro (Colocasia esculenta): Implications for Food Security. In Plants (Vol. 10, Issue 11, p. 2319). https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10112319

Lugert, V., Thaller, G., Tetens, J., Schulz, C., & Krieter, J. (2016). A review on fish growth calculation: multiple functions in fish production and their specific application. Reviews in Aquaculture, 8(1), 30–42. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/raq.12071

Mirtalipov et al., D. T. (2024). Influence of Soil Macro- and Microelements on the Growth and Development of Fish. Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Biology and Fisheries, 28(4), 979–986. https://doi.org/10.21608/ejabf.2024.370552

Nurjanah, L., Nuryati, S., & Nirmala, K. (2018). The used of chopped banana Musa paradisiaca stem for stimulating immune responses and streptococcosis resistance of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus Cacahan batang pisang ambon Musa paradisiaca untuk meningkatkan respons imun dan daya tahan ikan nila Or. Jurnal Akuakultur Indonesia, 17(2), 147–157. https://doi.org/10.19027/jai.17.2.147-157

Prabu, E., Rajagopalsamy, C. B. T., Ahilan, B., Jeevagan, I. J. M. A., & Renuhadevi, M. (2019). Tilapia – An Excellent Candidate Species for World Aquaculture: A Review. Annual Research & Review in Biology, 31(3 SE-Review Article), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.9734/arrb/2019/v31i330052

Prasad, S. S., & Das, U. (2024). Banana Waste as a Nutraceuticals Product. In Nutraceuticals from Fruit and Vegetable Waste (pp. 175–194). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119803980.ch6

Saisombut, P., Yaemkong, S., Gothom, P., Jaipong, P., & Ngoc, T. N. (2021). Study on the use of fresh Moringa oleifera leaves as feed on the growth performance of herbivorous grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). Kaen Kaset Journal, 49(2), 795–801. https://ag2.kku.ac.th/kaj/PDF.cfm?filename=111ID_236.pdf&id=4636&keeptrack=0

Sanches-Fernandes, G. M. M., Sá-Correia, I., & Costa, R. (2022). Vibriosis Outbreaks in Aquaculture: Addressing Environmental and Public Health Concerns and Preventive Therapies Using Gilthead Seabream Farming as a Model System. Frontiers in Microbiology, Volume 13-2022. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2022.904815

Sengar, M., Singh, S., Pandey, S., Kshatriya, A., Gupta, R., Singh, D., Mishra, V., Saeed, M., Giri, B. S., Arya, R. K., & Singh, D. (2025). Extraction of plant wax from Colocasia esculenta using polar and non-polar solvents: A sustainable approach. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery, 15(22), 29401–29413. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-025-06737-9

Stratev, D., Zhelyazkov, G., Noundou, X. S., & Krause, R. W. M. (2018). Beneficial effects of medicinal plants in fish diseases. Aquaculture International, 26(1), 289–308. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-017-0219-x

Takase, K., & Kakuta, I. (2023). Oral administration of wild plant-derived minerals and red ginseng ameliorates insulin resistance in fish through different pathways. Physiological Reports, 11(8), e15667. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.14814/phy2.15667

Tamrin, T., Aris, M., Muntahar, W. A., & Abdullah, T. (2025). The effect of molasses , tapioca and sago flour on biofloc system and volume of growth performance in whiteleg shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. Depik, 14(1), 98–103. https://doi.org/10.13170/depik.14.1.41060

Zou, F., Tan, C., Zhang, B., Wu, W., & Shang, N. (2022). The Valorization of Banana By-Products: Nutritional Composition, Bioactivities, Applications, and Future Development. In Foods (Vol. 11, Issue 20, p. 3170). https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11203170

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15578/aj.v8i1.20528