EFFECTS OF SPINACH (Amaranthus sp.) EXTRACT SUPPLEMENTATION ON MOLTING DURATION AND PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES OF MUD CRABS (Scylla sp.) REARED IN CRAB APARTMENT SYSTEMS
Abstract
This study investigates the effects of dietary supplementation of spinach (Amaranthus sp.) extract, rich in phytoecdysteroids, on the molting process and physiological parameters of mud crabs (Scylla sp.) cultivated in crab apartment boxes integrated with a recirculating aquaculture system. This experiment was designed using a completely randomized design (CRD) with four different doses of spinach extract as treatments (0, 300, 700, and 1000 ng g-1 of crab) and three replications. Some parameters measured were molting duration, hormone levels, including ecdysteroid and molt inhibiting hormone (MIH), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and water quality. The results showed that higher doses of spinach extract significantly shortened the molting duration (p < 0.05), with the fastest molting observed at 1000 ng g-1 (11.83 ± 1.26 days). Increased spinach extract doses also significantly affected MIH and ROS levels. Specifically, MIH levels increased from 12.05 ng mL-1 in the control to 20.88 ng mL-1 in treatment D, while ROS levels rose from 116.80 to 147.33 µmol mL-1. Overall, the administration of phytoecdysteroids from spinach presents a promising, eco-friendly approach to enhance soft-shell crab production efficiency, although careful dose optimization is necessary to balance production acceleration with animal welfare.
Penelitian ini mengkaji pengaruh suplementasi pakan dengan ekstrak bayam (Amaranthus sp.) yang kaya akan fitoekdisteroid terhadap proses molting dan parameter fisiologis kepiting bakau (Scylla sp.) yang dibudidayakan dalam kotak apartemen kepiting terintegrasi dengan sistem akuakultur resirkulasi. Percobaan ini dirancang menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap (RAL) dengan empat dosis ekstrak bayam sebagai perlakuan (0, 300, 700, dan 1000 ng g⁻¹ kepiting) dan tiga ulangan. Beberapa parameter yang diukur meliputi durasi molting, kadar hormon termasuk ekdisteroid dan molt inhibiting hormone (MIH), reactive oxygen species (ROS), serta kualitas air. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa peningkatan dosis ekstrak bayam secara signifikan memperpendek durasi molting (p < 0,05), dengan waktu molting tercepat pada dosis 1,000 ng g⁻¹ (11,83 ± 1,26 hari). Peningkatan dosis ekstrak bayam juga berpengaruh nyata terhadap kadar MIH dan ROS. Secara khusus, kadar MIH meningkat dari 12,05 ng mL⁻¹ pada kontrol menjadi 20,88 ng mL⁻¹ pada perlakuan D, sedangkan kadar ROS naik dari 116,80 menjadi 147,33 µmol mL⁻¹. Secara keseluruhan, pemberian fitoekdisteroid dari bayam menunjukkan potensi sebagai pendekatan ramah lingkungan untuk meningkatkan efisiensi produksi kepiting cangkang lunak, meskipun demikian optimasi dosis tetap diperlukan agar tercapai keseimbangan antara percepatan produksi dan kesejahteraan hewan.
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Agustiyana, C., Hadiroseyani, Y., Diatin, I., & Effendi, I. (2024). Optimization of the production of soft shell crab (Scylla sp.) cultivation using the apartment system. Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research, 50(4), 552–557. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejar.2024.05.003
Aslamyah, S., & Fujaya, Y. (2010). Stimulasi molting dan pertumbuhan kepiting bakau (Scylla sp.) melalui aplikasi pakan buatan berbahan dasar limbah pangan yang diperkaya dengan ekstrak bayam. Ilmu Kelautan: Indonesian Journal of Marine Sciences, 15(3), 170–178. https://doi.org/10.14710/ik.ijms.15.3.170-178
Aslamyah, S., & Fujaya, Y. (2011). Efektivitas pakan buatan yang diperkaya ekstrak bayam dalam menstimulasi molting pada produksi kepiting bakau cangkang lunak. Jurnal Akuakultur Indonesia, 10(1), 8–15. https://doi.org/10.19027/jai.10.8-15
Belles, X. (2020). Molting: The basis for growing and for changing the form. In Insect metamorphosis (pp. 199–215). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-813020-9.00009-0
Candra, H. K., Noor, S., Bahit, M., Cahyani, R. F., & Mulyani, D. (2023). Application of the completely random design statistics method for analysis of different filter types in fresh water fish pool water recirculation system. International Journal of Science, Technology & Management, 4(5), 1197–1205. https://doi.org/10.46729/ijstm.v4i5.933
Catt, K. J., Harwood, J. P., Richert, N. D., Conn, P. M., Conti, M., & Dufau, M. L. (1979). Luteal desensitization: Hormonal regulation of LH receptors, adenylate cyclase and steroidogenic responses in the luteal cell. In A. R. Midgley & W. A. Sadler (Eds.), Ovarian follicular and corpus luteum function (pp. 647–662). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-3474-3_72
Chang, E. S. (1995). Physiological and biochemical changes during the molt cycle in decapod crustaceans: An overview. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 193(1–2), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-0981(95)00106-9
Chang, E. S., Bruce, M. J., & Tamone, S. L. (1993). Regulation of crustacean molting: A multi-hormonal system. American Zoologist, 33(3), 324–329. https://doi.org/10.1093/icb/33.3.324
Chang, E. S., & Mykles, D. L. (2011). Regulation of crustacean molting: A review and our perspectives. General and Comparative Endocrinology, 172(3), 323–330. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ygcen.2011.04.003
Chang, E. S., & O’Connor, J. D. (1978). In vitro secretion and hydroxylation of α-ecdysone as a function of the crustacean molt cycle. General and Comparative Endocrinology, 36(1), 151–160. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-6480(78)90060-6
Chung, J. S., & Webster, S. G. (2005). Dynamics of in vivo release of molt-inhibiting hormone and crustacean hyperglycemic hormone in the shore crab, Carcinus maenas. Endocrinology, 146(12), 5545–5551. https://doi.org/10.1210/en.2005-0859
ChunJian, W. C., Zhu, D. F., Qi, Y. Z., Hu, Z. H., Xie, X. X., & Shen, J. (2013). Molt-inhibiting hormone levels and ecdysteroid titer during a molt cycle of Portunus trituberculatus. Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica, 37(1), 22–28. https://doi.org/10.7541/2013.22
Davies, K. J. A. (1995). Oxidative stress: The paradox of aerobic life. Biochemical Society Symposia, 61, 1–31. https://doi.org/10.1042/bss0610001
Fujaya, Y. (2025). Potential and challenges of mud crab (Scylla spp.) cultivation in Indonesia. In Status, technological innovations, and industry development needs of mud crab (Scylla spp.) aquaculture: FAO expert workshop, 27–30 November 2023, Singapore (p. 35).
Fujaya, Y., & Trijuno, D. D. (2007). Haemolymph ecdysteroid profile of mud crab during molt and reproductive cycles. Torani, 17(5), 415–421.
Fujaya, Y., Trijuno, D. D., Haryati, H., Hasnidar, H., Rusdi, M., & Usman, Z. (2018). Effectivity of mulberry leaf extract on stimulating ekdisteroid hemolimph content and molting of mud crab (Scylla olivacea). Torani Journal of Fisheries and Marine Science, 32–43. https://doi.org/10.35911/torani.v2i1.5857
Geihs, M. A., Vargas, M. A., Maciel, F. E., Vakkuri, O., Meyer-Rochow, V. B., Allodi, S., & Nery, L. E. M. (2016). Effects of hypoxia and reoxygenation on the antioxidant defense system of the locomotor muscle of the crab Neohelice granulata (Decapoda, Varunidae). Journal of Comparative Physiology B, 186, 569–579. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00360-016-0976-2
Habibi, M. W., Hariani, D., & Kuswanti, N. (2013). Perbedaan lama waktu molting kepiting bakau (Scylla serrata) jantan dengan metode mutilasi dan ablasi. LenteraBio, 2(3), 265–270.
Hamer, M. S. (2015). The proteomic response of the Carcinus maenas Y-organ over the course of the molt cycle [Master’s thesis, California Polytechnic State University]. California Polytechnic State University.
Hapsari, Q. C., Rahfiludin, M. Z., & Pangestuti, D. R. (2021). Hubungan asupan protein, status gizi ibu menyusui, dan kandungan protein pada air susu ibu (ASI): Telaah sistematik. Media Kesehatan Masyarakat Indonesia, 20(5), 372–378. https://doi.org/10.14710/mkmi.20.5.372-378
Hasnidar, H. (2021). The effects of the amaranth extract (Amaranthus spp.) on molting of orange mud crab (Scylla olivacea, Herbst 1796). AACL Bioflux, 14(2), 1036–1045.
Head, T. B., Mykles, D. L., & Tomanek, L. (2019). Proteomic analysis of the crustacean molting gland (Y-organ) over the course of the molt cycle. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part D: Genomics and Proteomics, 29, 193–210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbd.2018.11.011
Herold, K. (2023). Hormones—Modulators of metabolism. Acta Physiologica, 238(3), e14003. https://doi.org/10.1111/apha.14003
Hidayat, M. F., Marzuki, M., & Diniariwisan, D. (2024). Perbedaan pengaruh perendaman pakan keong mas menggunakan ekstrak bayam, murbei, dan pakis untuk stimulasi molting kepiting bakau. Jurnal Vokasi Ilmu-Ilmu Perikanan (JVIP), 5(1), 63–71. https://doi.org/10.35726/jvip.v5i1.7347
Huang, H., Fu, C., Chen, X., Gong, J., Huang, X., & Ye, H. (2015). Molt-inhibiting hormone (MIH) gene from the green mud crab Scylla paramamosain and its expression during the molting and ovarian cycle. Aquaculture Research, 46(11), 2665–2675. https://doi.org/10.1111/are.12421
Imayavaramban, L., Dhayaparan, D., & Devaraj, H. (2007). Molecular mechanism of molt-inhibiting hormone (MIH) induced suppression of ecdysteroidogenesis in the Y-organ of mud crab Scylla serrata. FEBS Letters, 581(27), 5167–5172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.febslet.2007.09.029
Kalpana, K. B., Srinivasan, M., & Menon, V. P. (2009). Evaluation of antioxidant activity of hesperidin and its protective effect on H₂O₂-induced oxidative damage on pBR322 DNA and RBC cellular membrane. Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, 323, 21–29. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11010-008-9960-9
Keller-Wood, M. (2015). Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis—Feedback control. Comprehensive Physiology, 5(3), 1161–1182. https://doi.org/10.1002/cphy.c140065
Kim, J., Xu, Y., Riu, K. Z., Kim, J.-H., Hyun, C.-G., & Boo, K.-H. (2025). Identification of oxidoreductase genes for phytoecdysteroids biosynthesis in spinach through comparative transcriptomics. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 110216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2025.110216
Kubo, I., & Klocke, J. (1986). Insect ecdysis inhibitors. In Insecticide mode of action (Vol. 296, pp. 297–321). American Chemical Society. https://doi.org/10.1021/bk-1986-0296.ch017
Kusmiati, K., Rachmatiah, T., & Pertiwi, A. A. (2014). Pengujian ekstrak aseton daun bayam (Amaranthus sp.) sebagai senyawa antiradikal DPPH, antibakteri, dan identifikasi senyawa aktif dengan KGSM. Proceeding Biology Education Conference: Biology, Science, Environmental, and Learning, 11(1), 138–147.
Mahdaliana, M., Salamah, S., & Muliani, M. (2022). The effectiveness of ecdysteroid hormones through feed in increasing growth and reproductive performance of mangrove crab (Scylla sp.). Acta Aquatica: Aquatic Sciences Journal, 9(1), 6–11. https://doi.org/10.29103/aa.v9i1.6965
Marcella, A., Ferdinal, F., Limanan, D., & Yulianti, E. (2023). Skrining fitokimia serta uji toksisitas pada ekstrak daun bayam merah (Amaranthus sp.). Tarumanagara Medical Journal, 5(2), 211–216.
Mauras, N. (2009). Can growth hormone counteract the catabolic effects of steroids? Hormone Research, 72(Suppl. 1), 48–54. https://doi.org/10.1159/000229764
Ningsih, O., & Affandi, R. I. (2023). Teknik pembesaran kepiting bakau (Scylla sp.) dengan sistem apartemen. Ganec Swara, 17(3), 840–848. https://doi.org/10.35327/gara.v17i3.520
Paital, B., & Chainy, G. B. N. (2012). Effects of salinity on O₂ consumption, ROS generation and oxidative stress status of gill mitochondria of the mud crab Scylla serrata. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Toxicology & Pharmacology, 155(2), 228–237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpc.2011.08.009
Purnama, M. F., & Haslianti, H. (2016). Pengaruh induksi autotomi pada kepiting bakau (Scylla serrata, Scylla tranquebarica, Scylla paramamosain) terhadap sintasan, molting, dan pertumbuhan di tambak rakyat Kelurahan Anggoeya Kendari-Sulawesi Tenggara. Fishtech, 5(2), 190–203. https://doi.org/10.36706/fishtech.v5i2.3946
Rachmawati, D., Hutabarat, J., Fiat, A. I., Elfitasari, T., Windarto, S., & Dewi, E. N. (2021). Penambahan asam amino triptofan dalam pakan terhadap tingkat kanibalisme dan pertumbuhan Litopenaeus vannamei. Jurnal Kelautan Tropis, 24(3), 343–352. https://doi.org/10.14710/jkt.v24i3.11723
Rahmadiah, S., Lumbessy, S. Y., & Lestari, D. P. (2023). Pengaruh penambahan fermentasi daun murbei (Morus spp.) dalam formulasi pakan untuk menstimulasi molting kepiting bakau (Scylla serrata). Journal of Aquaculture Science, 8(1), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.31093/joas.v8i1.201
Ridwan, A., & Lisnawati, L. (2021). Potential of red spinach (Amaranthus tricolor) extract in shortening the molting duration of vannamei shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). AACL Bioflux, 14(3), 1271–1281.
Rivera-Ingraham, G. A., Martínez-Alarcón, D., Theuerkauff, D., Nommick, A., & Lignot, J.-H. (2024). Two faces of one coin: Beneficial and deleterious effects of reactive oxygen species during short-term acclimation to hypo-osmotic stress in a decapod crab. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology, 296, 111700. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpa.2024.111700
Salaenoi, J., Setthamongkol, P., Srimeetian, P., & Satapornvanit, K. (2015). Lipid peroxidation and antioxidant activity in molting stages of mud crab (Scylla serrata). Agriculture and Natural Resources, 49(3), 422–432.
Santoni, A., Syukri, D., & Z. J., A. R. (2023). Kajian bioaktivitas daun sungkai (Peronema canescens Jack). Uwais Inspirasi Indonesia.
Saptarini, N. M., Herawati, I. E., & Hernawati, N. F. (2017). Total phytosterols content in roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa) calyx from Subang and Bandung. Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences, 8, 174–178.
Satu Data KKP. (2025). Tabel statis nilai ekspor hasil perikanan menurut komoditas. https://portaldata.kkp.go.id/portals/data-statistik/exim/tbl-statis/d/156
Shelley, C., & Lovatelli, A. (2011). Mud crab aquaculture: A practical manual (FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Technical Paper No. 567). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
Sinaga, F. A. (2017). Stress oksidatif dan status antioksidan pada aktivitas fisik maksimal. Jurnal Generasi Kampus, 9(2), 176–189.
Song, Y., Villeneuve, D. L., Toyota, K., Iguchi, T., & Tollefsen, K. E. (2017). Ecdysone receptor agonism leading to lethal molting disruption in arthropods: Review and adverse outcome pathway development. Environmental Science & Technology, 51(8), 4142–4157. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b00480
Tamsil, A. (2021). Moulting and growth of mangrove crabs Scylla olivacea (Herbst 1796) with injection of phytoecdysteroids and artificial feed. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 763(1), 012034. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/763/1/012034
Techa, S., & Chung, J. S. (2015). Ecdysteroids regulate the levels of molt-inhibiting hormone (MIH) expression in the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus. PLoS One, 10(4), e0117278. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0117278
Thomton, J. D., Tamone, S. L., & Atkinson, S. (2006). Circulating ecdysteroid concentrations in Alaskan Dungeness crab (Cancer magister). Journal of Crustacean Biology, 26(2), 176–181. https://doi.org/10.1651/c-2625.1
Wahyuningsih, S. A. (2008). Pengaruh dosis penyuntikan Vitomolt terhadap molting kepiting bakau (Scylla olivacea) [Undergraduate thesis, Universitas Hasanuddin]. Fakultas Ilmu Kelautan dan Perikanan, Universitas Hasanuddin.
Yusof, W. R. W., Ahmad, N. M., Zailani, M. A., Shahabuddin, M. M., Sing, N. N., & Husaini, A. A. S. A. (2020). Nutritional composition, antioxidants and antimicrobial activities in muscle tissues of mud crab, Scylla paramamosain. Research Journal of Biotechnology, 15(4), 86-92.
Zmora, N., Trant, J., Zohar, Y., & Chung, J. S. (2009). Molt-inhibiting hormone stimulates vitellogenesis at advanced ovarian developmental stages in the female blue crab, Callinectes sapidus: An ovarian stage-dependent involvement. Saline Systems, 5(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-1448-5-7
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15578/jra.20.2.2025.165-180
Jurnal Riset Akuakultur is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
