COMPARATIVE STUDY OF DRYING ON THE PHYSICOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF XYLOCARPUS GRANATUM FRUIT SCRUB AS A SKIN CARE PRODUCT

Sumartini Sumartini, Eko Novi Saputra, Nirmala Efri Hasibuan, Resti Nurmala Dewi

Abstract

Lulur berbahan dasar buah Xylocarpus granatum berpotensi dikembangkan sebagai produk kosmetik alami karena mengandung senyawa bioaktif yang bermanfaat bagi kulit. Namun, mutu fisikokimia lulur sangat dipengaruhi oleh metode pengeringan yang digunakan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membandingkan karakteristik fisikokimia lulur buah X. granatum yang dikeringkan dengan metode sinar matahari dan oven. Penelitian dilakukan melalui tahapan pembuatan simplisia, pengolahan menjadi serbuk, serta formulasi lulur. Parameter uji meliputi rendemen, pH, kadar air, dan viskositas. Rendemen dihitung dengan perbandingan bobot serbuk terhadap bahan segar, pH diukur menggunakan pH meter, kadar air ditentukan dengan metode oven, sedangkan viskositas diuji menggunakan Brookfield Viscometer sesuai SNI 06-6989.23-2005 dan ASTM D2196-20. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pengeringan oven menghasilkan rendemen lebih tinggi (28,4 ± 0,05%) dibandingkan pengeringan sinar matahari (6,13 ± 0,28%). Nilai pH keduanya masih sesuai dengan kisaran pH kulit, yaitu 6,53 ± 0,05 (oven) dan 6,13 ± 0,28 (sinar matahari). Kadar air lulur sinar matahari lebih rendah (9,34 ± 0,43%) dibanding oven (11,66 ± 0,38%), sedangkan viskositas lulur sinar matahari lebih tinggi (11.833,33 ± 763,76 cP) daripada oven (9.833,33 ± 152,75 cP). Dapat disimpulkan bahwa metode pengeringan memengaruhi mutu fisik lulur mangrove. Pengeringan oven lebih efisien dalam meningkatkan rendemen dan kestabilan pH, sedangkan pengeringan sinar matahari menghasilkan kadar air lebih rendah dan viskositas lebih tinggi sehingga memberikan tekstur lebih kental. Hasil ini menunjukkan bahwa pemilihan metode pengeringan perlu disesuaikan dengan tujuan formulasi produk lulur.

Keywords

Drying, viscosity, Xylocarpus granatum, Yield.

Full Text:

PDF

References

Al-Qudah, M. A., Al-Jaber, H. I., Abu Orabi, F. M., Hasan, H. S., Aldahoun, A. K., Alhamzani, A. G., Alakhras, A. I., Bataineh, T. T., Rawashdeh, A. M. M., & Abu-Orabi, S. T. (2023). Unveiling the impact of drying methods on phytochemical composition and antioxidant activity of Anthemis palestina. Plants, 12(22), 3914. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12223914

Anselmi, C., Centini, M., & Casolaro, M. (2020). Cosmetic formulations: A review of pH considerations. International Journal of Cosmetic Science, 42(3), 215–224. https://doi.org/10.1111/ics.12586

ASTM International. (2020). ASTM D2196-20: Standard Test Methods for Rheological Properties of Non-Newtonian Materials by Rotational (Brookfield-type) Viscometer. ASTM.

Benjamin, M. A. Z., Ng, S. Y., Saikim, F. H., & Rusdi, N. A. (2022). The Effects of Drying Techniques on Phytochemical Contents and Biological Activities on Selected Bamboo Leaves. Molecules, 27(19), 6458. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27196458

Budiyanto, F., Alhomaidi, E. A., Mohammed, A. E., Ghandourah, M. A., Alorfi, H. S., Bawakid, N. O., & Alarif, W. M. (2022). Exploring the Mangrove Fruit: From the Phytochemicals to Functional Food Development and the Current Progress in the Middle East. Marine Drugs, 20(5), 303. https://doi.org/10.3390/md20050303

Camacho, M. M., et al. (2022). Flowability, rehydration behaviour and bioactive compounds of an orange powder product as affected by particle size. Food and Bioprocess Technology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11947-022-02773-9

Dabbour, M., Sami, R., Mintah, B. K., He, R., Wahia, H., Khojah, E., Petkoska, A. T., & Fikry, M. (2022). Effect of Drying Techniques on the Physical, Functional, and Rheological Attributes of Isolated Sunflower Protein and Its Hydrolysate. Processes, 10(1), 13. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10010013

Darmadi, J., Hidayat, R., & Wibowo, A. (2021). Evaluation of Indonesian mangrove Xylocarpus granatum bark extract as a potential anti-aging and skin cosmetic agent. Pharmacognosy Magazine, 17(74), 40–45. https://doi.org/10.4103/pm.pm_104_20

Harborne, J. B. (1998). Phytochemical methods: A guide to modern techniques of plant analysis (3rd ed.). London: Chapman & Hall.

Hidayanto, R., & Suryani, E. (2023). Antioxidant activity and metabolite profiling of Xylocarpus granatum fruit peel extract. Antioxidants, 13(2), 156. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13020156

Horuz, E., Bozkurt, H., Karataş, H., & Maskan, M. (2017). Drying kinetics of apricot halves in a microwave–hot air hybrid oven. Drying Technology, 35(2), 165–178. https://doi.org/10.1080/07373937.2016.1166852

Madalina, G., Popescu, M. L., & Damian, C. (2017). Water activity and stability of cosmetic products. Journal of Hygienic Engineering and Design, 20, 12–18.

Pradnyandari, I. A. M., Karmila, N. L. P., & Widiasih, D. A. (2022). Evaluasi sifat fisik dan kimia lulur tradisional berbasis bahan alam. Jurnal Farmasi Udayana, 11(1), 45–52.

Pringgenies, D., & Wasitaatmadja, S. (2021). Xylocarpus granatum mangrove fruit extract and sodium alginate as wound healing agents. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research, 14(4), 35–39. https://doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2021.v14i4.41723

Rizky, A. D., Kurniawati, I., & Andriani, D. (2021). Formulasi dan evaluasi sediaan lulur herbal dengan variasi bahan aktif lokal. Jurnal Kefarmasian Indonesia, 11(2), 134–142.

Simões, A., et al. (2020). Rheology by Design: A Regulatory Tutorial for Analytical Rheology (methodology tutorial). Pharmaceutics / PMC resource. (sumber tutorial metodologi rheology yang sering digunakan untuk formulasi topikal). PubMed Central

Siregar, L. A., Wahyuni, D., & Putri, R. M. (2020). Pengaruh metode pengeringan terhadap kualitas simplisia daun herbal. Jurnal Penelitian Farmasi Indonesia, 9(2), 89–96.

Tadros, T. F. (2018). Formulation of dispersions and gels. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH.

Tolangara, A., Mas’ud, A., Sundari, & Saibi, N. (2023). Utilization of mangrove peel (Xylocarpus granatum) extract as an active ingredient in the making of hand body lotion. International Journal of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences Archive, 5(1), 17–21. https://doi.org/10.53771/ijbpsa.2023.5.1.0012

Tolangara, A., Mas’ud, A., Sundari, & Saibi, N. (2025). Antioxidant activity and bioactive compounds extract of Xylocarpus granatum fruit from Pengudang Village, Riau Island. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Sciences, 15(2), 67–72. https://doi.org/10.7324/JAPS.2025.15.2.67

Yang, L., Feng, Y., & Liu, Y. (2020). Anti-inflammatory and anti-melanogenic effects of Xylocarpus granatum J. Koenig. International Journal of Pharmacognosy, 11(3), 123–128. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijp.ijp_9427_20

Yusof, M., & Ahmad, A. (2019). Mangrove fruit bioprospecting: Nutritional and antioxidant potential of Xylocarpus granatum. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 16(6), 2951–2959. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-018-2073-1

Zainuddin, Z., & Hidayati, J. (2025). Antioxidant activity and bioactive compounds extract of Xylocarpus granatum fruit from Pengudang Village, Riau Island. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Sciences, 15(2), 67–72. https://doi.org/10.7324/JAPS.2025.15.2.67

Wasitaatmadja, S., & Pringgenies, D. (2024). Hair cosmetic ingredients from the symbiont bacteria of Xylocarpus mangrove fruit. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science, 14(5), 50–55. https://doi.org/10.7324/JAPS.2024.14.5.50

Widyastuti, R., Astuti, D. W., & Pramono, S. (2019). Stabilitas fisik dan kimia sediaan topikal herbal. Jurnal Ilmu Kefarmasian Indonesia, 17(1), 58–65.

Winangsih, E. P., & Parman, S. (2013). Pengaruh Metode Pengeringan Terhadap Kualitas Simplisia Lempuyang Wangi (Zingiber aromaticum L.). Buletin Anatomi dan Fisiologi, 21(1), 19–25. (contoh studi nasional yang menunjukkan oven meningkatkan rendemen).

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15578/segara.v20i2.17511