Studi Kesejahteraan Rumah Tangga Nelayan di Kecamatan Sibolga Selatan Kota Sibolga

Abstract

Nelayan merupakan kelompok masyarakat pesisir yang rentan secara ekonomi karena pendapatannya sangat bergantung pada hasil tangkapan yang bersifat musiman dan tidak stabil. Namun, besarnya pendapatan tidak selalu mencerminkan tingkat kesejahteraan rumah tangga nelayan secara riil. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini penting untuk mengkaji kesejahteraan rumah tangga nelayan dengan mempertimbangkan pendapatan, struktur pengeluaran, dan kemampuan daya beli yang diukur melalui indikator Nilai Tukar Nelayan (NTN). Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis tingkat kesejahteraan rumah tangga nelayan di Kecamatan Sibolga Selatan, Kota Sibolga. Penelitian menggunakan pendekatan deskriptif kuantitatif dengan data primer melalui wawancara dan observasi, serta data sekunder dari instansi terkait. Sampel ditentukan dengan rumus Slovin sebanyak 82 responden yang terdiri atas nelayan pemilik armada dan anak buah kapal (ABK). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa rata-rata pendapatan rumah tangga nelayan pemilik armada sebesar Rp98.005.886,90 per tahun, sedangkan nelayan ABK sebesar Rp38.000.000,00 per tahun. Berdasarkan indikator struktur pengeluaran, rumah tangga nelayan pemilik armada dikategorikan sejahtera, sedangkan nelayan ABK berada pada kategori pra-sejahtera. Namun, berdasarkan indikator NTN, nelayan pemilik armada memiliki nilai NTN > 1 (1,71) yang menunjukkan kemampuan daya beli relatif baik, sedangkan nelayan ABK memiliki nilai NTN sedikit di atas satu (1,08). Temuan ini menunjukkan bahwa peningkatan pendapatan semata belum cukup menjamin kesejahteraan rumah tangga nelayan. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan kebijakan yang bersifat struktural, meliputi diversifikasi usaha non-tangkap untuk mengurangi ketergantungan pada sektor perikanan tangkap, penguatan akses pendidikan dan kesehatan, penyediaan fasilitas dasar seperti air bersih, perumahan, dan energi, serta penguatan kelembagaan nelayan melalui koperasi atau kelompok usaha bersama.

Title: Study of Fishermen’s Household Welfare in South Sibolga District, Sibolga City

Fishermen constitute a coastal community group that is economically vulnerable, as their income is highly dependent on seasonal and unstable fishing yields. However, income level alone does not necessarily reflect the actual welfare of fishermen’s households. Therefore, this study aims to examine fishermen’s household welfare by considering income, expenditure structure, and purchasing power, which is measured using the Fishermen’s Exchange Rate (FER) indicator. This research analyzes the level of fishermen’s household welfare in South Sibolga District, Sibolga City. This research employed a descriptive quantitative approach using primary data collected through interviews and observations, as well as secondary data from relevant institutions. The sample was determined using the Slovin formula and consisted of 82 respondents, including boat-owning fishermen and crew members (ABK). The results indicate that the average annual household income of boat-owning fishermen was IDR 98,005,886.90, while that of crew members was IDR 38,000,000.00. Based on expenditure structure indicators, the households of boat-owning fishermen were categorized as prosperous, whereas those of crew members were classified as pre-prosperous. However, according to the FER indicator, boat owner fishermen recorded an FER value greater than one (1.71), indicating relatively good purchasing power, while crew members had a slightly above-one FER value (1.08). These findings suggest that income alone is insufficient to ensure fishermen’s household welfare. Therefore, structural policies are needed, including diversification of non-fishing livelihoods, strengthening access to education and health services, improving basic facilities such as clean water, housing, and energy, and strengthening fishermen’s institutions through cooperatives or joint business groups.