Proteksionisme dan Standardisasi Garam Konsumsi Beryodium

Rahmadi Sunoko, Asep Saefuddin, Rizal Syarief, Nimmi Zulbainarni

Abstract


Garam memiliki peranan penting sebagai bagian ekonomi masyarakat pesisir serta sejarah yang panjang, khususnya di wilayah pesisir Jawa dan Madura. Dalam praktik tata niaga, garam hasil produksi petambak garam dibeli oleh pedagang/produsen yang sebagian besar diolah untuk memenuhi pasar garam konsumsi beryodium dan kebutuhan garam bahan baku industri, seperti industri aneka pangan. Dengan melakukan pendekatan analisis deskriptif dan pengamatan langsung terhadap proses produksi garam dari bahan baku hingga menjadi produk olahan serta wawancara kepada petambak garam, pedagang garam, dan pengolah garam, penelitian ini mengeksplorasi lebih lanjut bagaimana praktik standardisasi garam konsumsi beryodium di Indonesia. Penelitian ini juga menganalisis kebijakan standardisasi garam konsumsi beryodium, apakah merupakan bagian dari proteksionisme atau tidak serta bagaimana pengaruhnya terhadap daya saing petambak garam dan industri kecil menengah (IKM) pengolah garam. Standardisasi garam konsumsi beryodium dengan kandungan NaCl>94% berada di bawah rekomendasi Codex (>97%). Implementasi SNI garam konsumsi beryodium merupakan contoh pseudo-protectionism dalam bentuk under-standardization. Kebijakan ini mampu memberikan pasar bagi produksi garam nasional dengan tetap menjunjung fairness dalam perdagangan global. Implikasi atas kebijakan ini mempertegas posisi pemerintah yang memiliki andil besar dalam rangka meningkatkan daya saing petambak garam dan industri kecil menengah (IKM) pengolah garam. Namun, under-standardization sebagai suatu bentuk proteksionisme tidak akan efektif ketika tidak terjadi peningkatan kualitas bahan baku garam di hulu. Kebijakan ini memiliki manfaat jangka pendek, tetapi tidak mampu menjadi katalis bagi peningkatan daya saing IKM pengolah garam dan petambak garam itu sendiri. Meskipun terdapat jaminan tersedianya pasar bagi garam produksi petambak garam nasional, itu tidak menjamin harga yang baik. Hal itu disebabkan oleh pasar garam konsumsi dan pengasinan ikan yang tidak mampu menyerap seluruh produksi nasional. Sementara itu, industri lainnya menggunakan garam impor yang sesuai dengan spesifikasi kebutuhan industrinya.

Tittle: Protectionism and Iodized Food Salt Standardization 

Salt has a significant role as a part of the coastal economy communities and has a long history, especially in coastal areas of Java dan Madura Islands. In commercial practice, solar salt is produced by farmers and delivered to the market as raw material.  In the processing plant, solar salt is processed to be iodized food salt and to fulfill industry needed. By conducting a descriptive analysis approach and direct observation of the salt production process from raw materials to processed products as well as interviews with salt farmers, salt traders,and salt processors, this study aims to explore further how the practice of standardizing iodized food salt in Indonesia. This study also analyzes the policy of standardization of iodized consumption salt, whether it is part of protectionism or not and how it affects the competitiveness of salt farmers and small and medium industries (SMEs) for processing salt. The standardization of iodized consumption salt with NaCl content >94% is below the Codex recommendation (>97%). The implementation of the Indonesia National Standard (SNI) for iodized consumption salt is an example of pseudo-protectionism in the form of understandardization. This policy can provide a market for national salt production while upholding fairness in global trade. The implication of this policy emphasizes the position of the government which has a major role in increasing the competitiveness of salt farmers and IKM for processing salt. However, under-standardization as a form of protectionism will not be effective if there is no improvement in the quality of salt raw materials upstream. This policy has short-term benefits but cannot be a catalyst for increasing the competitiveness of salt processing SMEs and salt farmers themselves. Although there is a guarantee that there will be a market available for salt produced by national salt farmers, it does not guarantee a good price. This is due to the market of iodized consumption salt and fish salting which are unable to absorb the entire national production. Meanwhile, on the other hand, other industries use imported salt according to the specifications of the industrial needs.



Keywords


garam; standardisasi; proteksionisme; UMKM; daya saing

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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15578/jksekp.v12i2.11077

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