Pengaruh Anomali Iklim (Enso Dan Iod) Terhadap Sebaran Ikan Pedang (Xiphias Gladius) Di Samudera Hindia Bagian Timur

Bram Setyadji, Khairul Amri

Abstract

Anomali iklim seperti ENSO dan Dipole Mode mempengaruhi dinamika massa air di bagian timur Samudera Hindia serta berdampak terhadap pola sebaran dan hasil tangkapan ikan. Ikan pedang yang tertangkap di bagian timur Samudera Hindia merupakan hasil tangkap sampingan (by catch) rawai tuna. Meskipun mempunyai nilai ekonomis yang tinggi, penelitian mengenai keterkaitan faktor lingkungan dengan hasil tangkapan dan sebaran ikan pedang, masih belum banyak dilakukan. Tulisan ini membahas pengaruh anomali iklim (ENSO dan Dipole Mode) terhadap sebaran hasil tangkapan dan sebaran spasial-temporal ikan pedang di bagian timur Samudera Hindia. Data paremeter lingkungan yang digunakan berupa sebaran suhu permukaan laut (SPL) atau Sea Surface Temperature(SST) dan klorfil-a permukaan (SSC=Sea Surface Chlorophyll) hasil pengukuran sensor Satelit Aqua MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) L-2 dengan format bulanan. Data ikan pedang merupakan data kombinasi hasil pendaratan di Pelabuhan Benoa 2002–2014 dan data pemantauan ilmiah Loka Penelitian Perikanan Tuna  2005–2014. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ada anomali iklim yang mempengaruhi hasil tangkapan per upaya (Catch per Unit Effort/CPUE) dan diduga juga mempengaruhi recruitment ikan pedang. Nilai CPUE tahunan tertinggi (0,16 ikan/100 pancing) terjadi pada event El-Nino moderate (2009) dimana terjadi peningkatan produktivitas primer, sebaliknya CPUE tahunan terendah (0,08 ikan/100 pancing) pada event IOD negatif moderate (2005) yang dampaknya sama dengan La-Nina, yakni penurunan produktivitas primer. Indikasi ini diperkuat dengan hasil pengamatan bulanan dimana nilai CPUE tertinggi pada Juni (periode berlangsungnya upwelling di selatan Jawa), sebaliknya pada bulan Desember CPUE rendah (ketika kesuburan perairan menurun). Dominansi hasil tangkapan ikan muda periode 2007-2011, diduga merupakan generasi baru recruitment dari keberhasilan pemijahan sebelumnya, saat terjadi event consecutive IOD positif (tiga tahun berturut-turut: 2006-2007-2008) meningkatkan produktivitas primer secara signifikan akibat intensitas upwelling yang tinggi.

Keywords

Anomali Iklim, ENSO, Dipole Mode, CPUE, distribusi spasial dan temporal ikan pedang.

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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15578/segara.v13i1.6422